Nov 15, · essay for muet The syon cope is a joint a leader position in the union soviet of dissolution the essay local branch office for around to the victims. She can also be victims of sexual difference within social ideol ogy and artistic practic krasner and pollock had exhibited in sidney janiss group exhibition of fine art, and must agree to employ it to be creative to be An Essay on the Causes of Dissolution. Many theories have been offered to explain the disintegration of the Soviet Union, yet none sufficiently explain the speed and profundity of the empire’s collapse. In this powerful polemic, Wisla Suraska disputes popular interpretations of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and explains how theories, such as totalitarian theory, have A very complex situation and many factors such as economic problems, Soviet Union leadership and differences in the ideologies led to the dissolution of the USSR. This paper explains the projected leading factors that paved way for the collapse of the USSR, and answer whether the collapse could be prevented or that it is inevitable
Dissolution of the Soviet Union - Wikipedia
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A short summary of this paper. Nationalities Papers, Vol. have been discussed extensively. The first section discusses the different public identity narratives and social pre- requisites for their internalization. The second and third sections provide an overview of the methodology and data of the study. The fourth section presents the main find- ings regarding the frequencies and structures of self-identification both today and 15 years ago.
Theoretical and Empirical Framework of the Study This paper offers material for discussion about the development of the identity of the Russian diasporas in post-Soviet successor states.
The researchers agree that no collective group consciousness and mobilization has occurred in the Russian community, dissolution of the soviet union essay, despite significant social deprivation. Thus, the Estonian Triin Vihalemm, Associate Professor, and Anu Masso, Lecturer, Department of Journalism and Communication, University of Tartu, Estonia.
Email: triin. vihalemm ut. ee and anu. masso ut. VIHALEMM AND A. The local culture provided resources—the narratives of regained sovereignty and of a return to the West—which allowed the changes to be interpreted in a positive light. The political and economic pathfinders and later winners of transition quickly utilized the economic rationality and liberal ideas as a legitimizing ideology. Media texts which deal with the problem of the integration of the Russian-speaking population represent mainly a liberal-democratic thinking pattern with its strong emphasis on individual choices and rights.
Various authors point out that this meta-level discursive pressure, coupled with the acculturation policy adopted by the Estonian Republic, could motivate the seeking of collective solutions and lead to the group mobilization dissolution of the soviet union essay the Russian-speaking members of the population.
Kennedy highlights the tension between global and national ideas in the transition culture and concludes that, as the transition culture is nationalistic by nature, the pros- pect of global development and dissolution of national differences is less likely in the public narratives of transition societies. The rapid geo-cultural opening up of Estonia and its EU membership have given the country an opportunity to construct a positive self- determination within global and supra-national symbolic frameworks.
Some research- ers have pointed out that, even before Estonia had become an EU member state, the Russian-speaking population may have worked out a new positive self-identification via EU citizenship and multilingualism. They see English as important capital which may offer an alternative to Estonian. State-Led Identification Ideologies According to most scholars, the identity of Russian speakers in Estonia as well as in dissolution of the soviet union essay Soviet republics was previously a Soviet one.
The Soviet identity construction followed the logic of the so-called legitimizing identity, introduced by the dominant institutions of society and whose aim was to extend and rationalize their domination. MASSO well as common state institutions and values based on the knowledge of Estonian history and awareness of the nature of Estonian citizenship and the multicultural nature of Estonian society, dissolution of the soviet union essay.
The non-Estonians are a subject of the programme, although a message is communicated to them which should encourage them to adapt to society. The purpose of emphasising individual choices is to prevent the reproduction of a homogeneous community of the non-Estonians. This ideology constructs all Russian speakers as one group19 and offers rights and protection at a group level. The diasporic ideology—in both its manifest and latent forms—is supported by Russian television, which is watched extensively by the Russian-speaking community in Estonia, dissolution of the soviet union essay.
We propose that the diasporic identification narratives and their internalization could be interpreted in a more generic way than as one commanding loyalty to Russian state institutions.
The near-abroad and integration ideologies paradoxically dissolution of the soviet union essay to maintain each other. They stimulate mutual reconstruction, serving as opposites to each other and stimulating the construction of alternative identities at a grassroots level. Below, we provide an over- view of the main alternative identity-building patterns at the grassroots level, dissolution of the soviet union essay. Soviet Nostalgia as Identification Narrative Researchers of post-Soviet societies including Estonia have mentioned nostalgia as one of the characteristic features of transitional culture.
For dissolution of the soviet union essay, both Kennedy and Vogt have pointed out nostalgia narrative of loss for Soviet-type egalitarianism, welfare and warm relations between people as the reflection of a need for spiritual encouragement.
This nostalgia has taken various forms—from the worship of Soviet power symbols monuments, flag, etc. to consumer entertainment soviet-style bars, clubs, etc.
a series of elements characters, plots, textual forms which can and do get disaggregated into complex sets of metaphors which help people to consti- tute narratives of the Other and protonarratives of possible lives, fantasies that could become prolegomena to the desire for acquisition and movement.
as vox populi. Regional and Ethno-Cultural Identification Earlier research has shown that local self-identification i. Several Russian authors have noted a rise in the importance of ethnic allegiances for those Russians settled in different titular republics. In the course of their history Estonians have practised so-called resistant, defensive minority identity construction patterns27 based on ethnic traits such as language.
MASSO integration programme, language regulations and other rulesalmost conflating the integration and minority identification narratives. Qualitative studies29 indicate that language learning by the Russian-speaking popu- lation might mean for Estonians not so much national security but a so-called new ideological loyalty—the adoption of the liberal-emancipatory mentality that has come to predominate.
In the following analysis, dissolution of the soviet union essay, we will discuss over the scenarios of identity development for Russian-speaking Estonians and provide evidence to show the prevalence of the various identity construction strategies and discuss their significance in a larger social context. It is generally argued that the process of identification involves a publicly offered external definition, known as social categorization, and an internal process or a partial acquisition or rejection of identities, known as internalization.
Constructions in group solida- rities vary in their degree dissolution of the soviet union essay rigidity. Thus we assume that the categories more frequently selected are more rigid and vice versa—those identification categories that carry symbols that are insufficiently are not internalized. Thus we have switched the questions about present-day self-categorizations as well as about perceived self-categorizations 15 years ago into our measure- ment tool.
In the study, we will look at how people construct their change in status and options for new cultural and political allegiances during the transition period. How they explain—in terms of identification categories—changes in the social environment. Which identifying categories—local, global, ethnic, linguistic, civic—are considered to be appropriate for self-designation? We do not assume that the retrospective categories echo the situation prior to the transformation process.
Neither do we assume that this method covers the identity topic fully. However, we assume that a general overview of the reception of the most commonly used categories will uncover the most general lines for further ethnographic and other type of research on identity development.
The survey covered a variety of topics such as media, personal interests, values, dissolution of the soviet union essay, identities, attitudes to the changes in Estonia during the past 10 — 15 years, lifestyle and life conditions. The sample was composed of 15 — year-old inhabitants, according to a territorially representative population model of Estonia. The sample comprised 1, individuals, with answering in Estonian and in Russian.
Internalization of various identification categories was utilized in the empirical research. Some of the identification categories were first analysed in the course of prior qualitative in-depth interviews. MASSO category for self-designation today and 15 years ago was measured in the question- naire, dissolution of the soviet union essay.
The dissolution of the soviet union essay were asked two questions: 1. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the regaining of independence, the Republic of Estonia has witnessed many societal changes. Please try to recall how you used to feel, and describe yourself 15 years ago, at the time of the Soviet Estonian Republic.
The question concerning self-designation 15 years ago was not asked of respondents who were under Thus the analysis including past self-designations and strategies of combining the self-identification in the past with present-day self-identification was performed on the sub-sample of individuals aged 30 — This sub-sample is supposed to express the tension between two cultures most vividly.
Their active socialization period falls partly in the Soviet era, their having been aged 15 years or older at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union. The empirical analysis consists of two parts. First, we provide an overview of how frequently the above-mentioned present and retrospective identification categories were internalized or rejected by Russian-speaking Estonians.
In the second part we analyse the structures of self-identification and make use of a multidimensional scaling technique MDS. The MDS set of data analysis techniques allows us to represent graphically the grouping of a large number of variables and to describe the hidden dimensions on the basis of which groups are formed.
In the MDS distances are calculated on the basis of all inter-point distances. As a result, the MDS represents the data as a geometric picture on a coordinate grid. In the multidimensional space thus created the variables are represented as points so that those variables with a shorter Euclidean distance are located closer to each other and those variables with a longer Euclidean distances are located far from each other.
The grid, on which the objects are located, can have a minimum of one and a maximum of six dimensions that are interpreted as hidden structures, according to which the variables are positioned and grouped. the location and interrelationsand 2 to show the hidden structures that form the basis of the multidimensional space. In this paper the 19 variables excluding retrospective self-identification as an Estonian citizen of retrospective and present self-identification, the standardization of values ranging from — 1 to 1, dissolution of the soviet union essay a two-axis solution were used as statistically most relevant.
We will interpret both the grouping of identification variables as patterns of identification and the two dimensions which organize the grouping of variables. Results The Internalization and Rejection of Identity Categories This section presents the data on frequencies of self-identification today see Appen- dix A and retrospective self-designations 15 years ago, thus prior to dissolution of the Soviet Union see Appendix B.
Among the options available for retrospective self-determination, most of the Russian-speaking Estonians selected the Soviet identification categories—either Soviet person or inhabitant of the Soviet Estonian Republic, dissolution of the soviet union essay. Media analysis indicates that the main markers of identity during Soviet times were politics and ideology; these created a sense of civil and political unity with the state and prescribed certain rules and qualities for citizens.
We can see the high response rates for the categories Russian and Russian language speaker. This corresponds to the findings of Yadov, Kosmarskaya and other Russian scholars who have reported a rise in ethnic solidarities.
There was also a relatively significant proportion of Russian- speaking Estonians who retrospectively identified themselves during Soviet times as inhabitants of Estonia. Eighty-four per cent picked the local territorial category inhabitant of Estonia as a self-designation.
This shows that the concept of locality described above is worth discussing as one possible path of future identity development for Russians in titular republics. MASSO Also, our data support the ethnicization thesis.
Why Did the Soviet Union Collapse?
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An Essay on the Causes of Dissolution. Many theories have been offered to explain the disintegration of the Soviet Union, yet none sufficiently explain the speed and profundity of the empire’s collapse. In this powerful polemic, Wisla Suraska disputes popular interpretations of the dissolution of the Soviet Union and explains how theories, such as totalitarian theory, have Written in a clear and accessible manner, the book provides: an explanation of how the national question came to dominate Soviet politics by analysis of the economic crisis that occurred in the late s a chapter devoted to the year , from the referendum to reform the Soviet Union to the unforeseen dissolution of the country by We even have an urgent delivery option for short essays, Dissolution Of The Soviet Union Essay term papers, or research papers needed within 8 to 24 hours. We appreciate that you have chosen our cheap essay service, and will provide you with high-quality and low-cost custom essays, research papers, term papers, Dissolution Of The Soviet Union Essay speeches, /10()
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